diff --git a/app/db/engine.py b/app/db/engine.py
index 76dd999e9..c7f2cc373 100644
--- a/app/db/engine.py
+++ b/app/db/engine.py
@@ -7,13 +7,39 @@
 import threading
 from typing import Dict, Optional, cast
 
-from sqlalchemy import NullPool, QueuePool, create_engine, text
+from sqlalchemy import NullPool, QueuePool, create_engine, event, text
 from sqlalchemy.engine import Engine as SyncEngine
 from sqlalchemy.ext.asyncio import AsyncEngine as SaAsyncEngine, create_async_engine
+from sqlalchemy.pool import Pool
 
 from app.runtime.config import settings
 from app.db.diagnostics import _register_database_error_logging
 from app.runtime.log import logger
+from app.runtime.observability import record_metric
+
+
+def _database_backend_label() -> str:
+    """把数据库类型收敛为有限的观测标签。"""
+    return "postgresql" if settings.DB_TYPE.lower() == "postgresql" else "sqlite"
+
+
+def _register_database_pool_metrics(engine: SyncEngine) -> None:
+    """在 SQLAlchemy 池 checkout/checkin 边界维护当前借出连接数。"""
+    if not isinstance(engine.pool, Pool):
+        # 引擎构建单测允许注入不具备 PoolEvents 的轻量替身。
+        return
+    backend = _database_backend_label()
+
+    def record_checkout(*_args: object) -> None:
+        """连接借出后增加当前使用量。"""
+        record_metric("db.pool.checked_out", 1, backend=backend)
+
+    def record_checkin(*_args: object) -> None:
+        """连接归还后减少当前使用量。"""
+        record_metric("db.pool.checked_out", -1, backend=backend)
+
+    event.listen(engine.pool, "checkout", record_checkout)
+    event.listen(engine.pool, "checkin", record_checkin)
 
 
 def _async_pool_kwargs(pooled: bool) -> dict:
@@ -88,6 +114,7 @@ def _get_sqlite_engine(is_async: bool = False, pooled: bool = False):
         # 创建数据库引擎
         engine = create_engine(**_db_kwargs)
         _register_database_error_logging(engine)
+        _register_database_pool_metrics(engine)
 
         # 设置WAL模式。
         # 这是引擎构建里唯一的阻塞 I/O，且发生在 get_engine() 的创建锁内——异步侧因此
@@ -114,6 +141,7 @@ def _get_sqlite_engine(is_async: bool = False, pooled: bool = False):
         # 创建异步数据库引擎
         async_engine = create_async_engine(**_db_kwargs)
         _register_database_error_logging(async_engine.sync_engine)
+        _register_database_pool_metrics(async_engine.sync_engine)
 
         # 异步侧不再设置 WAL。journal_mode 是数据库文件级的持久属性，同步引擎已经设置过，
         # 这里重复设置本就是冗余的；而它原本用 asyncio.run() 完成，是异步引擎构建里唯一的
@@ -159,6 +187,7 @@ def _get_postgresql_engine(is_async: bool = False, pooled: bool = False):
         # 创建数据库引擎
         engine = create_engine(**_db_kwargs)
         _register_database_error_logging(engine)
+        _register_database_pool_metrics(engine)
         print(f"PostgreSQL database connected to {settings.DB_POSTGRESQL_TARGET}/{settings.DB_POSTGRESQL_DATABASE}")
 
         return engine
@@ -177,6 +206,7 @@ def _get_postgresql_engine(is_async: bool = False, pooled: bool = False):
         # 创建异步数据库引擎
         async_engine = create_async_engine(**_db_kwargs)
         _register_database_error_logging(async_engine.sync_engine)
+        _register_database_pool_metrics(async_engine.sync_engine)
         print(f"Async PostgreSQL database connected to {settings.DB_POSTGRESQL_TARGET}/{settings.DB_POSTGRESQL_DATABASE}")
 
         return async_engine
diff --git a/app/db/session.py b/app/db/session.py
index 85a82d453..f2791750b 100644
--- a/app/db/session.py
+++ b/app/db/session.py
@@ -21,9 +21,11 @@ from sqlalchemy.orm import Session, scoped_session, sessionmaker
 
 import app.db.engine as engine_module
 from app.db.engine import (_async_pool_enabled, _get_database_engine,
-                           get_engine, get_global_async_engine)
+                           _database_backend_label, get_engine,
+                           get_global_async_engine)
 from app.runtime.config import global_vars, settings
 from app.runtime.log import logger
+from app.runtime.observability import record_metric
 
 # 会话工厂同样惰性：sessionmaker 在构造时就要绑定引擎，模块级构造等于把引擎的
 # 创建时机重新拉回 import 期，惰性化就白做了。
@@ -198,14 +200,29 @@ async def _acquire_fallback_slot():
     变得无界。信号量是线程安全且与事件循环无关的，但不能在协程里阻塞获取，
     因此用非阻塞获取 + 异步让出。
     """
-    deadline = time.monotonic() + settings.DB_POOL_TIMEOUT
-    while not _fallback_slots.acquire(blocking=False):
-        if time.monotonic() >= deadline:
-            raise TimeoutError(
-                f"异步数据库连接配额已耗尽（上限 {settings.DB_ASYNC_FALLBACK_LIMIT}），"
-                f"等待超过 {settings.DB_POOL_TIMEOUT} 秒"
-            )
-        await asyncio.sleep(0.01)
+    started_at = time.monotonic()
+    deadline = started_at + settings.DB_POOL_TIMEOUT
+    outcome = "success"
+    try:
+        while not _fallback_slots.acquire(blocking=False):
+            if time.monotonic() >= deadline:
+                outcome = "timeout"
+                record_metric(
+                    "db.pool.timeout",
+                    backend=_database_backend_label(),
+                )
+                raise TimeoutError(
+                    f"异步数据库连接配额已耗尽（上限 {settings.DB_ASYNC_FALLBACK_LIMIT}），"
+                    f"等待超过 {settings.DB_POOL_TIMEOUT} 秒"
+                )
+            await asyncio.sleep(0.01)
+    finally:
+        record_metric(
+            "db.pool.wait",
+            time.monotonic() - started_at,
+            backend=_database_backend_label(),
+            outcome=outcome,
+        )
 
 
 @asynccontextmanager
diff --git a/app/runtime/extensions/module/dispatcher.py b/app/runtime/extensions/module/dispatcher.py
index dcf45de14..12a0d0c70 100644
--- a/app/runtime/extensions/module/dispatcher.py
+++ b/app/runtime/extensions/module/dispatcher.py
@@ -9,7 +9,7 @@ from typing import Any, Protocol, cast
 from app.foundation.reflection import ObjectUtils
 from app.runtime.execution import run_in_threadpool
 from app.runtime.log import logger
-from app.runtime.observability import observe_duration
+from app.runtime.observability import observe_duration, record_metric
 from app.runtime.extensions.module.contracts import (
     diagnose_module_callable,
     get_module_method_contract,
@@ -143,6 +143,7 @@ class ModuleInvocationDispatcher:
                     **kwargs,
                 )
             except Exception as err:
+                self._record_timeout(method, "plugin", err)
                 self._plugin_error_handler(
                     err,
                     plugin_id,
@@ -190,6 +191,7 @@ class ModuleInvocationDispatcher:
                     **kwargs,
                 )
             except Exception as err:
+                self._record_timeout(method, "plugin", err)
                 self._plugin_error_handler(
                     err,
                     plugin_id,
@@ -237,6 +239,7 @@ class ModuleInvocationDispatcher:
                     **kwargs,
                 )
             except Exception as err:
+                self._record_timeout(method, "system", err)
                 self._system_error_handler(
                     err,
                     module_id,
@@ -284,6 +287,7 @@ class ModuleInvocationDispatcher:
                     **kwargs,
                 )
             except Exception as err:
+                self._record_timeout(method, "system", err)
                 self._system_error_handler(
                     err,
                     module_id,
@@ -293,6 +297,16 @@ class ModuleInvocationDispatcher:
                 )
         return result
 
+    @staticmethod
+    def _record_timeout(method: str, provider_type: str, error: Exception) -> None:
+        """仅把真实超时归入低基数模块超时指标。"""
+        if isinstance(error, TimeoutError):
+            record_metric(
+                "module.provider.timeout",
+                method=method,
+                provider_type=provider_type,
+            )
+
     @staticmethod
     def _diagnose_callable(
         method: str,
diff --git a/app/runtime/extensions/plugin/lifecycle.py b/app/runtime/extensions/plugin/lifecycle.py
index 99bdee618..d8d3025f4 100644
--- a/app/runtime/extensions/plugin/lifecycle.py
+++ b/app/runtime/extensions/plugin/lifecycle.py
@@ -4,11 +4,51 @@ from __future__ import annotations
 
 import traceback
 from collections.abc import Callable
-from typing import Any, Optional
+from functools import wraps
+import time
+from typing import Any, Optional, ParamSpec, TypeVar, cast
 
+from app.runtime.observability import record_metric
 from app.schemas.plugin import PluginRuntimeStatus
 
 
+P = ParamSpec("P")
+R = TypeVar("R")
+
+
+def observe_plugin_lifecycle(operation: str) -> Callable[[Callable[P, R]], Callable[P, R]]:
+    """为插件生命周期入口记录不含插件标识的低基数耗时。"""
+
+    def decorator(func: Callable[P, R]) -> Callable[P, R]:
+        """包装单个同步生命周期方法，并保留原始调用签名。"""
+
+        @wraps(func)
+        def wrapper(*args: P.args, **kwargs: P.kwargs) -> R:
+            """执行生命周期方法并把失败状态归一为 error。"""
+            started_at = time.perf_counter()
+            outcome = "success"
+            try:
+                result = func(*args, **kwargs)
+                statuses = result.values() if isinstance(result, dict) else (result,)
+                if PluginRuntimeStatus.LOAD_FAILED in statuses:
+                    outcome = "error"
+                return result
+            except BaseException:
+                outcome = "error"
+                raise
+            finally:
+                record_metric(
+                    "plugin.lifecycle.duration",
+                    time.perf_counter() - started_at,
+                    operation=operation,
+                    outcome=outcome,
+                )
+
+        return cast(Callable[P, R], wrapper)
+
+    return decorator
+
+
 class PluginLifecycle:
     """管理插件发现、初始化、启停和热重载，不持有市场或 HTTP 路由职责。"""
 
@@ -44,6 +84,7 @@ class PluginLifecycle:
         self._logger = log
         self._event_sender = event_sender
 
+    @observe_plugin_lifecycle("start")
     def start(
         self,
         plugin_id: Optional[str] = None,
@@ -100,6 +141,7 @@ class PluginLifecycle:
         self._clear_tools()
         return results
 
+    @observe_plugin_lifecycle("initialize")
     def initialize(self, plugin_id: str, config: dict) -> None:
         """重新应用指定插件配置并刷新事件注册状态。"""
         plugin = self._running.get(plugin_id)
@@ -112,6 +154,7 @@ class PluginLifecycle:
             self._disable_events(type(plugin))
         self._clear_tools()
 
+    @observe_plugin_lifecycle("stop")
     def stop(self, plugin_id: Optional[str] = None) -> None:
         """停止指定插件或全部插件，并清理模块缓存。"""
         if plugin_id:
@@ -139,6 +182,7 @@ class PluginLifecycle:
         self._clear_tools()
         self._logger.info("插件停止完成")
 
+    @observe_plugin_lifecycle("reload")
     def reload(
         self,
         plugin_id: str,